Roberts, P. J. W. and Webster, D. R.
2002 in Environmental Fluid Mechanics Theories and Application, edited by H. Shen, A. Cheng, K.-H. Wang, M.H. Teng, and C. Liu, ASCE
Roberts, P. J. W. and Webster, D. R., (2002), "Turbulent diffusion", in Environmental Fluid Mechanics Theories and Application, edited by H. Shen, A. Cheng, K.-H. Wang, M.H. Teng, and C. Liu, ASCE.
Abstract:
Almost all flows encountered by the engineer in the natural or built environment are turbulent, resulting in rapid mixing of contaminants introduced into them. Despite many years of intensive research into turbulent diffusion, however, our ability to predict mean contaminant distributions is often quite crude and to predict statistical variations of concentration fluctuations even cruder. This chapter reviews basic ideas of turbulence and the mechanisms whereby scalar quantities, such as contaminants, are mixed. The evolution equations for scalar quantities are derived, the engineering assumptions used to make them tractable are discussed, and typical solutions are presented. Applications to various situations of engineering interest are given, including diffusion in rivers, estuaries, and coastal waters. The complexities of the diffusion process are demonstrated by the use of new optical experimental techniques. New modeling techniques are discussed, and research questions are posed.
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