| Conceptual Reference Database for Building Envelope Research |
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| Concept:Fa?ade wetting, water runoff, soiling"Fa?ade degradation occurs due to the combined effects of rain, wind, sunlight, biological and atmospheric pollutants. This process is generally set in motion by rainwater and its flow down the fa?ade (runoff) that will result either in washing or deposition of dirt over its surface [7]." Chew and Tan (2003) Weathering is defined as the process of deterioration and degradation of historic and modern building exteriors.
Areas of studies: * runoff patterns and theories: El-Shimi (1980); Kuntz and van_Mier (1997); Glass et al (1989); * features on fa?ade and effect on water runoff : Mulvin and Lewis (1994); El-Shimi (1980); * premature staining of new buildings : Parnham (1997) * staining types, patterns | disfigured,: El-Shimi (1980); Parnham (1997); Flores-Colen (2008) * effects, damages of staining | deterioration, degradation, : Parnham (1997); Flores-Colen (2008); Gaspar and de_Brito (2008) on quantification; Gaylarde and Gaylarde (2005) on microbial biofilms; Warscheid and Braams (2000) review on stone * diagnostic techniques of staining: Flores-Colen (2008); fluorescence lidar techniques-H?llstr?ma et al. (2009); * remedies, maintenance and cleaning of/against staining: Flores-Colen (2008); Parnham (1997);
Short review of related references El-Shimi et al. (1980) presented results and classification of extensive field observations of weathering patterns on facades. Camuffo et al (1982) has been cited for 42 times; but no copy found yet. Chew and Tan (2003) studied stains formation on impermeable fa?ade (ledge, joint misalignment, protrusion, louver) Davidson et al. 2000 studied one building over 60 years. Flores-Colen 2008 presented 28 diagnostic techniques and 16 maintenance 16 techniques of 11 types stains and damages of clay brick masonry walls based on Portugal experiment; and 13 cleaning methods Gaspar and de_Brito 2008 studied 19 cement-rendered facades located in Portugal. Based on assessment of the visual impact of the actual climatic environment. They also provide a very good brief description and review of the entire process from rain to staining. Mulvin and Levis 1994 analyzed the architectural features of classic (just one building of 18th century, Dublin, Ireland) details on fa?ade on modifying water flow. Wall: 22"=9"granite ashlar masonry + 1 1/2 9" bricks. Parnham (1997) through indepth studies of premature staining presented definition, effect of, causes,
Runoff theories Kuntz and van_Mier 1997 used wetting front instability of Glass et al for soil to study water runoffs on concrete structure Glass et al 1989, in a few paper, studied the instability of wetting front in soil and porous material.
Wind driving rain Fazio et al. 1995, Zhu et al. 1995a b: Using weather data of 11 Canadian cities, calculate driving rain of vertical wall in urban environmental. Blocken and Carmeliet (2004) reviewed research topics in wind driving rain with experiment, empirical and numerical methods; include a several-line review of fa?ade wetting. Choi et al. Simulation of wind driving rain.
Others: H?llstr?ma et al. (2009) presented a non-invasive documentation method of historic a?ades with fluorescence lidar techniques Gaylarde and Gaylarde (2005) discussed microbial biomass of biofilms on exteriors of building in Eruope and Latin America. studies on the microorganisms present on building surfaces Warscheid and Braams (2000) presented a comprehensive overview to the biodeterioration of stone with 280+ references and has been cited 31 times in ScienceDirect in 2009.4
Quotes: The destructive properties of water: solvent action of water and carbonic acid effects decay Premature staining is defined as "The discoloration or disfigurement of the fa?ade of a new building before the time that such a change in appearance can be expected" Parnham (1997) "The phenomenon of premature staining of new buildings has often been blamed on modern developments in architectural design. Collins (1965, p. 127) identified 1908 as the turning point in fa?ade design, changing from the heavy ornamented elevations inspired by Gothic or Classical designs to plainer fa?ades of the modern movement." Parnham (1997)"key to avoiding staining is a detailed consideration of a broad range of issues at all stages of the design and construction process" Parnham (1997) "Visual degradation and disfigurement of the fa?ade (due to staining, soiling, cracking, and, often, the combined effects of different degradation mechanisms) is pointed out as a widespread problem, which has a strong impact on the quality of the urban environment [1,2]. It also generally implies high maintenance costs associated with cleaning and repair actions [3,4], lest visual degradation evolves to actual physical breakdown of the fa?ade and loss of durability [5]. Fa?ade degradation occurs due to the combined influence of rain, wind, sunlight, biological agents, and atmospheric pollutants [1,6,7]" Gaspar and de Brito (2008) "Fa?ade degradation occurs due to the combined effects of rain, wind, sunlight, biological and atmospheric pollutants. This process is generally set in motion by rainwater and its flow down the fa?ade (runoff) that will result either in washing or deposition of dirt over its surface [7]."Gaspar and de Brito (2008)
Other publication, resources and web resources Collins, P. (1965), Changing Ideals in Modern Architecture 1750-1950, Faber, London. Parnham, P. (1997), Prevention of Premature Staining to New Buildings, E F N Spon, London. | ||||||
| Related References (18) | |||||||
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