Epidemiological studies have shown an association between microbial growth in buildings and increased risk of respiratory symptoms and disease related to inflammatory reactions in the inhabitants. The current study examined the affects of growth conditions of Streptomyces anulatus, isolated from indoor air of a moldy building, on the inflammatory potential of spores of this microbe. Spores were harvested from 15 growth media formulations, applied to RAW264.7 macrophages (105, 106, or 107 spores/million cells), and evaluated for the ability to stimulate production of inflammatory mediators and cytotoxicity in these cells 24 h after exposure. Streptomyces anulatus spores induced dosedependent production of nitric oxide (NO) in macrophages, reaching a level from 4.2 wM to 39.2 wM depending on the composition of the growth medium of the microbe. Expression of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) was detected in macrophages after exposure to spores collected from all growth media. Production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was significantly increased only by the highest dose of S. anulatus spores grown on glycerol- arginine agar. Furthermore production of cytokines was affected by growth medium; the highest dose-dependent levels of interleukin 6 (IL-6) ranged from 900 to 7800 pg/ml, and the levels of tumor necrosis factor f (TNFf) varied from 490 to 3200 pg/ml. The amount of dead macrophages after the exposure varied from 11% to 96%, depending also on the growth media of the microbe. Altogether, our results suggest that the growth medium of S. anulatus has a fundamental role in the ability of the spores to induce inflammatory responses and cytotoxicity in mammalian cells.

• fungi: components and products
• fungi: health effects : inflammatory

1. Effect of liner and core materials of plasterboard on microbial growth, spore-induced inflammatory responses, and cytotoxicity in macrophages
2. Fungal spores as such do not cause nasal inflammation in mold exposure
3. Induction of Cytotoxicity and Production of Inflammatory Mediators in RAW264.7 Macrophages by Spores Grown on Six Different Plasterboards
4. Inflammatory potential of the spores of Penicillium spinulosum isolated from indoor air of a moisture-damaged building in mouse lungs  

1. Effect of liner and core materials of plasterboard on microbial growth, spore-induced inflammatory responses, and cytotoxicity in macrophages
2. Induction of Cytotoxicity and Production of Inflammatory Mediators in RAW264.7 Macrophages by Spores Grown on Six Different Plasterboards  

1. An approach to management of critical indoor air problems in school buildings
2. Analysis of moisture findings in the interior spaces of Finnish housing stock
3. Comparison of concentrations and size distributions of fungal spores in buildings with and without mould problems
4. Comparison of two-level and three-level classifications of moisture-damaged dwellings in relation to health effects
5. Control of exposure to airborne viable microorganisms during remediation of moldy buildings; report of three case studies
6. Effect of building frame and moisture damage on microbiological indoor air quality in school buildings
7. Effect of indoor sources on fungal spore concentrations and size distributions
8. Effect of liner and core materials of plasterboard on microbial growth, spore-induced inflammatory responses, and cytotoxicity in macrophages
9. Everyday activities and variation of fungal spore concentrations in indoor air
10. Fungal spores as such do not cause nasal inflammation in mold exposure
11. Fungi and actinobacteria in moisture-damaged building materials - concentrations and diversity
12. Indoor air microbes and respiratory symptoms of children in moisture damaged and reference schools
13. Induction of Cytotoxicity and Production of Inflammatory Mediators in RAW264.7 Macrophages by Spores Grown on Six Different Plasterboards
14. Inlet sampling efficiency of bioaerosol samplers
15. Knowledge-based and statistically modeled relationships between residential moisture damage and occupant reported health symptoms
16. Microbes and moisture content of materials from damaged building
17. Moisture, mold and health in apartment homes
18. Performance of bioaerosol samplers: collection characteristics and sampler design considerations
19. Personal exposures and microenvironmental concentrations of particles and bioaerosols
20. Size distributions of airborne microbes in moisture-damaged and reference school buildings of two construction types
21. Skin-prick test findings in students from moisture- and mould-damaged schools: A 3-year follow-up study
22. Temporal and spatial variation of fungal concentrations in indoor air
23. The relationship between moisture or mould observations in houses and the state of health of their occupants
24. Validity of detection of microbial growth in buildings by trained dogs