rain penetration, water intrusion

This is a quite open area in terms of the breadth of the research. Studies range from: natural rain, rain profiles, raindrop properties, raindrop traces, rain amount on walls, and other topics. For rain and driving rain see wind driven rain.

International standards on water penetration

BSMI (Bureau of Standards, Metrology and Inspection) Method of test for water penetration performance of building curtain walls-by dynamic pressure

CEN (European Committee for Standardization) : Industrial, Commercial and Garage Doors and Gates - Resistance to Water Penetration - Requirements and Classification

CEN (European Committee for Standardization) : Flexible Sheets for Waterproofing - Underlays for Discontinuous Roofing and Walls - Determination of Resistance to Water Penetration

BSMI (Bureau of Standards, Metrology and Inspection) : Method of test for water penetration performance of building curtain walls-by static pressure

as well as ASTMs. See Related references below.

An article on basic approaches to water penetration control(Online source at Toolbase.org)

"There are four basic approaches to water penetration control in buildings:

Mass: traditional, solid assemblies that shed most surface water, effectively absorb the remainder, and subsequently release absorbed moisture as a vapor. Examples include solid concrete, masonry, and timber structures. This approach has variable effectiveness in most climates.

Barrier: surface designed to completely shed surface water with no moisture penetration. Examples include barrier-type exterior insulation finish systems (EIFS) and stucco or clapboard walls built without a drainage plane (e.g., house wrap, building paper). These are effective in climates with less than 30 inches of precipitation annually.

Internal drainage plane: a drainage plane or moisture barrier located between the exterior cladding and the supporting wall that provides redundancy of moisture resistance. Examples include typical stucco and clapboard walls built with a drainage plane. These are effective in climates with an annual precipitation of less than 50 inches.

Rain screen: a moisture-management system incorporating cladding, air cavity, drainage plane, and airtight support wall to offer multiple moisture-shedding pathways. Rain screens diminish the forces attempting to drive moisture into the wall. There are two types of rain screens: simple rain screens and pressure-equalized rain screens (PER). Examples include brick veneer cavity walls, furred-out clapboard walls, and drainable EIFS. Simple rain screens are effective in climates with an annual precipitation of less than 60 inches; PERs are effective in climates with an annual precipitation of 60 inches or more. "

Also:

Water testing tools in field

Intro to rain penetration tests

rain penetration test for masonry

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A review of rain control and design strategies, by Straube, J. and Burnett, E.F.P, 1999

test rain penitration on rainscreen

A study of the rainscreen concept applied to cladding systems on wood frame walls, by Morrison Hershfield Limited, 1990

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Adapting rain data for hygrothermal models, by Cornick, C., Dalgliesh, S. D. and Alan, W., 2009

mention computer simulation of rain trajectory and penetration

Applied moisture engineering, by Karagiozis, A. N., 1998

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Approach for the simulation of wetting due to rain infiltration for building envelope testing, by St-Hilaire, A., Derome, D. and Fazio, P., 2003

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Capacity of rendering systems to resist rain penetration, by Kvande, T., Time, B. and Waldum, A. M., 2002

control

Control of rain penetration through pressurized cavity walls, by Kontopidis, T., 1992

at window joints

Creating durable bonds between windows and walls, by Rousseau, M. J. (Ed.), 1999

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Criteria for water penetration testing, by Choi, E. C. C., 1998

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Details that keep walls watertight, by Fisette, P., 1997

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E2128-01a Standard Guide for Evaluating Water Leakage of Building Walls, by ASTM, 2001

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E241-04 Standard Guide for Limiting Water-Induced Damage to Buildings, by ASTM, 2004

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E331-00 Standard Test Method for Water Penetration of Exterior Windows, Skylights, Doors, and Curtain Walls by Uniform Static Air Pressure Difference, by ASTM, 2000

testing, fenetration, static pressure

E331-00, Standard test method for water penetration of exterior windows, curtain walls, and doors by uniform static air pressure difference, by ASTM, 2000

ASTM

E547-00: water penetration of exterior windows, curtain walls, and doors by cyclic static air pressure differential, by ASTM, 2000

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Effect of capillarity on rainwater penetration in the building envelope, by Mao, Q., Rao, J. and Fazio, P., 2004

EIFS to rain water

EIFS Resistance to Water Penetration and Evaluation in Accordance with EIMA Method, by Remmele, T. E., 1996

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Evolution of curtain wall design against water infiltration, by Ting, R., 1997

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Evolution of wall design for controlling rain penetration, by Chown, G. A., Brown, W. C. and Poirier, G. F., 1997

rain water into hard wood siding causing decay

Field observations and laboratory tests of water migration in walls with shiplap hardboard siding, by Tsongas, G. A., Govan, D. P. and J. A. McGillis, 1998

full scale test, brick veneer, steel stud wall

Full scale tests of brick veneer steel stud walls - strength and rain penetration, by Drysdale, R. G. and Michael J., 1997

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Leakage at interface between multiple fa?ade components, by Zwayer, G. L. C. and Crowe, J. P., 1998

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Leaking brick-clad walls: causes, prevention, and repair, by Beasley, K.J, 1990

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Moisture performance of leaky exterior walls with added insulation, by Desmarais, G., D. Derome and P. Fazio, 2001

exterior wall, field

On-site exterior wall monitoring methods for air leakage, condensation and rain penetration control problems, by Quirouette, R., 1999

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Potential of rain screen walls to prevent rain penetration: pressurized cavity principle, by Kontopidis, T., Reddy, M. S. and Fazio, P., 1993

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Proposed method for calculating water penetration test parameters of wall assemblies as applied to Istanbul, Turkey, by Sahal, N. and Lacasse, M. A., 2008

rain damage

Rain penetration and moisture damage in residential construction, by Rousseau, J., 1983

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Rain penetration control - applying current knowledge (rpc-00), by Lawton, M., Meklin, T., 1999

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Rainwater intrusion in light-frame building walls, by Carll, C., 2000

rainfall distribution on facades

Reacting to durability problems with Vancouver buildings, by Lawton, M. D., 1999

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Report from task 6 of MEWS project -- experimental assessment of water penetration and entry into wood-frame wall specimens, - final report, by Lacasse, M. A., O'connor, T. J., Nunes, S. and Beaulieu., P., 2003

simulating wind driving rain

Simulation of wind-driven-rain around a building, by Choi, E. C. C., 1992

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Spatial and temporal characteristics of heavy precipitation events over Canada , by Zhang, X., Hogg, W.D. and Mekis, E., 2001

Commissioning Protocol

The rainscreen wall: a commissioning protocol, by Quirouette, R.L., 1996

heat and moisture transfer under rain

Transient heat and moisture transfer through building envelope under rain precipitation, by Matsumoto, M., 1995

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Water intrusion evaluation for caulkless siding, window, and door systems-laboratory testing results, by NAHB Research Center, Inc., 2002

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Water leakage through building facades, by Kudder, R.J. and Erdly, J. L. (Eds.), 1998

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Water penetration through exterior walls, by Gurevich, M. S., 2005

at windows

Window systems: repair versus replacement, by Kelley, S. J., Chiropolos, J. N. and Gustitus, D. A., 1993

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Z8311Z-200x, test method for water penetration of exterior windows, skylights, and doors by rapid pulsed air pressure difference, by BSR/ASTM, 2000