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Related Concept
  • rain
  • cladding, siding, veneer
  • wind driven rain
  • windows, doors, fenestration
  • WRB weather-resistive barrier, house wrap



  • Related Articles
  • Building Engineering Group (BEG)
  • driven rain simulation, steady-state simulation technique
  • Dynamic Wall Testing Facility at IRC /NRC
  • simulate by water injection: EDRA: Envelope Drying Rates Analysis Experiment
  • simulation of: Experimental programs on wetting-drying tests of building envelope
  • how to drain: Filled cavity- pro and con
  • problem and solution: insulation as exterior sheathing
  • Moisture from outdoor
  • Reference for wood finishing at FPL, USDA
  • Reference related to rain penetraton
  • w/ brick: RILEM tube: measurement of water absorption of masonry walls
  • Rainscreen to reduce: Siding Question, Rainscreen Question
  • rain into stucco cladding: Vancouver building problems, findings

  • Concept:

    rain penetration, water intrusion

    This is a quite open area in terms of the breadth of the research. Studies range from: natural rain, rain profiles, raindrop properties, raindrop traces, rain amount on walls, and other topics. For rain and driving rain see wind driven rain.


    International standards on water penetration

    BSMI (Bureau of Standards, Metrology and Inspection) Method of test for water penetration performance of building curtain walls-by dynamic pressure

    CEN (European Committee for Standardization) : Industrial, Commercial and Garage Doors and Gates - Resistance to Water Penetration - Requirements and Classification

    CEN (European Committee for Standardization) : Flexible Sheets for Waterproofing - Underlays for Discontinuous Roofing and Walls - Determination of Resistance to Water Penetration

    BSMI (Bureau of Standards, Metrology and Inspection) : Method of test for water penetration performance of building curtain walls-by static pressure

    as well as ASTMs. See Related references below.

    An article on basic approaches to water penetration control(This link was checked on Dec. 2006Online source at This link was checked on Dec. 2006Toolbase.org)

    "There are four basic approaches to water penetration control in buildings:

    Mass: traditional, solid assemblies that shed most surface water, effectively absorb the remainder, and subsequently release absorbed moisture as a vapor. Examples include solid concrete, masonry, and timber structures. This approach has variable effectiveness in most climates.

    Barrier: surface designed to completely shed surface water with no moisture penetration. Examples include barrier-type exterior insulation finish systems (EIFS) and stucco or clapboard walls built without a drainage plane (e.g., house wrap, building paper). These are effective in climates with less than 30 inches of precipitation annually.

    Internal drainage plane: a drainage plane or moisture barrier located between the exterior cladding and the supporting wall that provides redundancy of moisture resistance. Examples include typical stucco and clapboard walls built with a drainage plane. These are effective in climates with an annual precipitation of less than 50 inches.

    Rain screen: a moisture-management system incorporating cladding, air cavity, drainage plane, and airtight support wall to offer multiple moisture-shedding pathways. Rain screens diminish the forces attempting to drive moisture into the wall. There are two types of rain screens: simple rain screens and pressure-equalized rain screens (PER). Examples include brick veneer cavity walls, furred-out clapboard walls, and drainable EIFS. Simple rain screens are effective in climates with an annual precipitation of less than 60 inches; PERs are effective in climates with an annual precipitation of 60 inches or more. "

    Also:

    This link was checked on Dec. 2006Water testing tools in field

    This link was checked on Dec. 2006Intro to rain penetration tests

    This link was checked on Dec. 2006rain penetration test for masonry

    This link was checked on Dec. 2006Measure penetrated water

    Related References (41)
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    A review of rain control and design strategies, by Straube, J. and Burnett, E.F.P, 1999
    test rain penitration on rainscreen
    A study of the rainscreen concept applied to cladding systems on wood frame walls, by Morrison Hershfield Limited, 1990
    --------
    Adapting rain data for hygrothermal models, by Cornick, C., Dalgliesh, S. D. and Alan, W., 2009
    mention computer simulation of rain trajectory and penetration
    Applied moisture engineering, by Karagiozis, A. N., 1998
    --------
    Approach for the simulation of wetting due to rain infiltration for building envelope testing, by St-Hilaire, A., Derome, D. and Fazio, P., 2003
    --------
    Capacity of rendering systems to resist rain penetration, by Kvande, T., Time, B. and Waldum, A. M., 2002
    control
    Control of rain penetration through pressurized cavity walls, by Kontopidis, T., 1992
    at window joints
    Creating durable bonds between windows and walls, by Rousseau, M. J. (Ed.), 1999
    --------
    Criteria for water penetration testing, by Choi, E. C. C., 1998
    --------
    Details that keep walls watertight, by Fisette, P., 1997
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    E2128-01a Standard Guide for Evaluating Water Leakage of Building Walls, by ASTM, 2001
    --------
    E241-04 Standard Guide for Limiting Water-Induced Damage to Buildings, by ASTM, 2004
    --------
    E331-00 Standard Test Method for Water Penetration of Exterior Windows, Skylights, Doors, and Curtain Walls by Uniform Static Air Pressure Difference, by ASTM, 2000
    testing, fenetration, static pressure
    E331-00, Standard test method for water penetration of exterior windows, curtain walls, and doors by uniform static air pressure difference, by ASTM, 2000
    ASTM
    E547-00: water penetration of exterior windows, curtain walls, and doors by cyclic static air pressure differential, by ASTM, 2000
    --------
    Effect of capillarity on rainwater penetration in the building envelope, by Mao, Q., Rao, J. and Fazio, P., 2004
    EIFS to rain water
    EIFS Resistance to Water Penetration and Evaluation in Accordance with EIMA Method, by Remmele, T. E., 1996
    --------
    Evolution of curtain wall design against water infiltration, by Ting, R., 1997
    --------
    Evolution of wall design for controlling rain penetration, by Chown, G. A., Brown, W. C. and Poirier, G. F., 1997
    rain water into hard wood siding causing decay
    Field observations and laboratory tests of water migration in walls with shiplap hardboard siding, by Tsongas, G. A., Govan, D. P. and J. A. McGillis, 1998
    full scale test, brick veneer, steel stud wall
    Full scale tests of brick veneer steel stud walls - strength and rain penetration, by Drysdale, R. G. and Michael J., 1997
    --------
    Leakage at interface between multiple fa?ade components, by Zwayer, G. L. C. and Crowe, J. P., 1998
    --------
    Leaking brick-clad walls: causes, prevention, and repair, by Beasley, K.J, 1990
    --------
    Moisture performance of leaky exterior walls with added insulation, by Desmarais, G., D. Derome and P. Fazio, 2001
    exterior wall, field
    On-site exterior wall monitoring methods for air leakage, condensation and rain penetration control problems, by Quirouette, R., 1999
    --------
    Potential of rain screen walls to prevent rain penetration: pressurized cavity principle, by Kontopidis, T., Reddy, M. S. and Fazio, P., 1993
    --------
    Proposed method for calculating water penetration test parameters of wall assemblies as applied to Istanbul, Turkey, by Sahal, N. and Lacasse, M. A., 2008
    rain damage
    Rain penetration and moisture damage in residential construction, by Rousseau, J., 1983
    --------
    Rain penetration control - applying current knowledge (rpc-00), by Lawton, M., Meklin, T., 1999
    --------
    Rainwater intrusion in light-frame building walls, by Carll, C., 2000
    rainfall distribution on facades
    Reacting to durability problems with Vancouver buildings, by Lawton, M. D., 1999
    --------
    Report from task 6 of MEWS project -- experimental assessment of water penetration and entry into wood-frame wall specimens, - final report, by Lacasse, M. A., O'connor, T. J., Nunes, S. and Beaulieu., P., 2003
    simulating wind driving rain
    Simulation of wind-driven-rain around a building, by Choi, E. C. C., 1992
    --------
    Spatial and temporal characteristics of heavy precipitation events over Canada , by Zhang, X., Hogg, W.D. and Mekis, E., 2001
    Commissioning Protocol
    The rainscreen wall: a commissioning protocol, by Quirouette, R.L., 1996
    heat and moisture transfer under rain
    Transient heat and moisture transfer through building envelope under rain precipitation, by Matsumoto, M., 1995
    --------
    Water intrusion evaluation for caulkless siding, window, and door systems-laboratory testing results, by NAHB Research Center, Inc., 2002
    --------
    Water leakage through building facades, by Kudder, R.J. and Erdly, J. L. (Eds.), 1998
    --------
    Water penetration through exterior walls, by Gurevich, M. S., 2005
    at windows
    Window systems: repair versus replacement, by Kelley, S. J., Chiropolos, J. N. and Gustitus, D. A., 1993
    --------
    Z8311Z-200x, test method for water penetration of exterior windows, skylights, and doors by rapid pulsed air pressure difference, by BSR/ASTM, 2000



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