CRDConcept: wood, lumber, timber

Definitions Wood: the hard, fibrous substance that forms the major part of the trunk and branches of a tree. Hardwood and softwood Hardwood trees have broad-leaves and 'nuts' as seeds, softwood trees are coniferous (needle leaves) and naked seeds. Lumber: wood that has been cut and surfaced for construction use. Timber: lumber whose smallest dimension is not less than 5 in. Laminated lumber is commonly used when increased wood lard-carrying capacity and rigidity are required.

Plywood is a panel product made from thin sheets of wood called veneers. Expand 0.2% from dry to saturation.

Also see: OSB - Oriented strandboard, MDF, LVL

Specification on lumber and engineered wood products

Softwood Lumber Grades

"Canadian forest ˇ resource accounts for 15% of the world's softwood timber from which Canada produces 11% of the world's lumber. The bulk of Canadian softwood lumber is exported to the United States, where it represents 1/3 of U.S. consumption."ˇ http://www.cwc.ca/products/lumber/visually_graded/intro.php

"Qu¨¦bec is impressive in terms not only of its land area but also of the quantity and diversity of its resources. Forests figure prominently among the provinceˇŻs resources, constituting a source of social wealth. Upwards of 90% of Qu¨¦becˇŻs forests are publicly-owned, while private woodlots, located primarily in the south, account for 10% of the provinceˇŻs forested lands." -- http://www.cifq.qc.ca/html/english/index.php?PHPSESSID=1833766861bce501ab5c6aae0ac9375e

Dimensional lumber/studs: Employee productivity was near 2,125 m3 (900,000 bf) per worker per year for dimension and stud mills -- Spelter and Alderman, 2005, Profile 2005 : softwood sawmills in the United States and Canada

"With some 300 mills each processing more than 10 000 m3 of wood annually, the lumber industry is at the heart of the economic and social development of the regions of Qu¨¦bec. Indeed, this sector is the economic cornerstone of close to 250 of Qu¨¦becˇŻs municipalities, generating approximately about 40 500 direct jobs.

Qu¨¦bec ranks second, after British Columbia, among the Canadian provinces for softwood lumber production. As further proof of its powerhouse status throughout North America, it alone accounts for approximately 24% of CanadaˇŻs production.

As for hardwood lumber production, Qu¨¦bec takes first place among all Canadian provinces; weighing in at 78% of the countryˇŻs output, the province again enjoys pre-eminence on the North American scene.

In 2000-2001, shipments of lumber manufactured in Qu¨¦becˇŻs primary processing mills, for all species, totalled 42 000 000 m3. The main supply sources were softwood species harvested on public forest lands, such as fir, spruce, grey pine, and larch. -- http://www.cifq.qc.ca/html/english/sciage/index.php

tidbits: Embodied energy: "The complex molecules in a wooden beam contain 15 gigajoules of energy perf tonˇ" Lippiatt, B.C., 2002, BEES 2.0, building for environmental and economic sustainability-Technical manual and user guide, E1557-02 standard classification for building elements and related sitework-UNIFORMAT II

Timber engineering software: http://www.wwpa.org/pdf/TN8.pdfhttp://www.wwpa.org/pdf/TN8.pdf

For joint designs see Erman, 2003, Timber joint design: the geometric breakdown method

All about trees provides some snapshot info on US forestry by AF&PA - American Forest and Paper Association Journals:

Wood Based Panels International

Wood Science And Technology

Journal Of The International Academy Of Wood Science

Wood Technology

Woodcut An Annual

Good References:

Fridley, K. J., 2002, Wood and wood-based materials: current status and future gives a good summary of existing technical resources

Tsoumis, G., Science and technology of wood -- structure, properties, utilization, Van Nostrand Reinhold,

NY, 1992.

Wood properties, by JERROLD E. WINANDY, at FPL

Also see

Glossary of wood

Mold growth on "green" lumber and other wood products Understand the requirements for the growth of fungi, and the differences that exist between mold and decay fungi. Be able to discuss the molds commonly found on green lumber, and how these differ from other molds commonly found on wood and wood-based products.

Physical properties of wood

WoodWeb

FP339-Introduction to Wood Science course note (concise, good, 12 chapter+)

An Introduction to the Behavior and Design of Timber Structures at Washington State University, "to aid in the understanding of wood as an engineering material and with the structural design processes used in timber design."

US pulp capacity estimation 2000 by FPL

Others:

Cell wall micropores "Wood is a complex porous material. The pores within wood exist at the macroscopic level (cell lumena, pits etc.), but there are also micropores, which exist within the cell wall having diameters of the order of 3 nm and lower. An understanding of the geometry of these microvoids is important in trying to understand processes such as the drying of timber, biodegradation, efficient penetration by preservatives, and pulp bleaching.". ?a mercury porosimeter and nitrogen sorption analytical equipment, Dynamic Vapour Sorption analyser, helium pycnometer and solute exclusion equipment.

Web Links (28):

Notes

American Wood Council: "the wood products division of the AF&PA - American Forest and Paper Association.... to increase the use of wood by assuring the broad regulatory acceptance of wood products, developing design tools and guidelines for wood construction, and influencing the development of public policies affecting the use of wood products."
APA - Engineered Wood Association, formerly the America Panel Assoc.: "non-profit trade association with 70 years of experience, is the authoritative source for information on structural wood products and their related construction applications."
AWC - American Wood Council: "the wood products division of the American Forest & Paper Association. AWC's mission is to increase the use of wood by assuring the broad regulatory acceptance of wood products, developing design tools and guidelines for wood construction, and influencing the development of public policies affecting the use of wood products. "
CWC publications
CWC Sustainable Buildings: info on Sustainable Buildings - Green by Design, Sustainable Building Case Studies, Forest Certification, Green Links
CWC-Canadian Wood Council: "the national association representing Canadian manufacturers of wood products used in construction. ... codes and standards, technical information, education programs, and co-ordinating special programs"
Distance Education at CWC: Online Audio/Visual Presentations on "Building codes and Research, Modern Wood Construction, Trusses, Lateral Design, Architecture and Wood, Paints and Coatings, Connections and Engineered Wood Products", after free reg.
Environmental Effects of Building Materials: "This paper uses recent scientific data to test the validity of the perceptions uncovered in the survey: wood was considered the most environmentally friendly building material (masonry ranked second, concrete third, and steel fourth). "
FAQ ¨C Mould - CWC: Answers to several questions on molds related particular to wood
Forest Products Lab: "on pulp and paper products, housing and structural uses of wood, wood preservation, wood and fungi identification, and finishing and restoration of wood products."
Forest Products Society - conference and meeting abstracts: Abstracts of many wood related conferences is available in .pdf, in the Conference section.
Forintek Canada: "a world-class research organization committed to the ongoing prosperity of the Canadian wood products sector. "
FPL publications: Large amount of searchable publication database, including Dividends From Wood Research, Durability, and more.
FRDA publiction Abstract Listing: quite a selction: forestry, BC related
Guide to Wood Design Information: excellent "bibliography of technical wood design information available from the associations of the Wood Products Promotion Council and other cooperating organizations."- by Scott McVicker 1999
International Federation of Building and Wood Workers (IFBWW): is the leading global union body working to protect workers in the building, building materials, wood, forestry and allied sectors.
IRG - International Research Group on Wood: Many info and online publication on wood related issues
Journal of Light Construction, JLC Online: "unbiased coverage of products, materials, and building techniques as well as hands-on management advice". Good articles about all aspects of housing/buildings
NATIVE PINES OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA: "on-line database designed to assist students studying eastern pines. Emphasis is placed on woody species native or naturalized in eastern North America", links to trees
Online eCourse wood and design: a douzen ecourses in presentation slide format (.ppt), "free to explore and learn" for wood and building design, by AWC. also see collection of web education materials
publications at Building Materials and Wood Technology: 2 dozens of online publications on wood related issues.
RCI-Mercury - Resource for Roofing and Waterproofing Information: Excellent "online roofing and waterproofing document resource. " on Coatings Codes, Associations, Standards, Wood Expansion Joints, etc.; ...technical journal of the Roof Consultants Institute.
SWST: Society of Wood Science and Technology: "a technological and professional organization for scientists and engineers working in academia, government, consulting, and the forest products industries. We are dedicated to providing education and expertise in finding better ways to use and produce wood products. "
Timber Framing web resources by DMOZ: DMOA list of internet resource links related to timber and wood.
Timber Trade Journal (formerly WorldWideWood): "Up-to-the-minute news from around the World as it breaks; A comprehensive online buyer's guide with full address details; A fully searchable archive of news, articles and features" (Free subscription as of Nov/2002)
Wood Durability web site: "offering up-to-date information to help wood users get the most life out of wood construction products", provided by the Canadian Wood Council and Forintek Canada Corp.
Wood movement as it effects joinery: Effect of moisture, isothermal, shrinkage of various wood specias
WOOD-DESTROYING INSECTS: A complete, concise table of insects to wood

Related References (65)

mold growth: A mathematical model of mold growth on wooden material, by Hukka, A. and Viitanen H., 1999
painted wood panel: A qualitative model for moisture balance in painted vertical wood paneling, by Hjort, S. G., 1998
--------: A summary of the project for surface and system treatment, by Evans, F. G. and Jacobsen, B., 2002
--------: Advancing cellulose-based nanotechnology, by Wegner, T. H. and Jones, P. E., 2006
--------: An optimization technique to determine red oak surface and internal moisture transfer coefficients during drying, by Simpson, W. T., Liu, J. Y., 1997
--------: Application of modified international wood preservative chemical testing standards for assessment of biocontrol treatments, by Tuckera, E. J. B., Brucea, A. and Stainesb, H. J., 1997
--------: Benefits from wood engineering research, by LeVan, S. L., 1998
USAD wood handbook: Biodeterioration of wood, by Highley, T. L., 1999
--------: Climate Change Mitigation by Forestry: a review of international initiatives, by Stuart, M. D. and Moura-costa, P., 1998
--------: Colonization of painted wood by blue stain fungi, by Bardage, S. L., 2002
--------: Course of moisture content and moisture risk index of coated and uncoated wood, by Rapp, A.O., 2002
ASTM on moisture conditioning: D4933-99 Standard guide for moisture conditioning of wood and wood-base materials, by ASTM, 2000
Decay of wood: Decay of wood and wood-based products above ground in buildings, Mechanism of Brown-Rot Decay: Paradigm or Paradox, by Carll, C. G. and Highley, T. L., 1999
dry rot, Serpula lacrymans: Development of model systems for investigations of the dry rot fungus Serpula lacrymans (Schumach. ex Fr.) Gray: Use for analysis of the environmental sensitivity of the organism, by Low, G. A., Palfreyman, J. W., White, N. A. and Sinclair, D. C. R., 1999
--------: Drying hardwood lumber, by Denig, J., Wengert, E. M. and Simpson, W.T., 2000
noise reduction by wood: Durability of wood, by ?deen, K. and J. Nor¨¦n, 1999
--------: Effect of initial conditions, boundary conditions and thickness on the moisture buffering capacity of spruce plywood, by Osanyintola, O. F., Talukdara, P. and Simonson, C. J., 2006
engineered wood product: Engineered wood products: a response to the changing timber resource, by McKeever, D. B., 1997
--------: Environmental labelling of timber-framed dwellings and their building components, by Stehn, L., 2002
--------: Evaluation of natural decay resistance of wood recovered from demolished buildings, by Wang, Q. and Odeen, K., 1996
--------: Evaluation of wood treated with copper-based preservatives for Cu loss during exposure to heat and copper-tolerant Bacillus licheniformis, by Crawford, D.M. and Clausen, C.A, 1999
--------: Exterior wood in the South: selection, applications, and finishes, by Cassens, D. L. and Feist, W. C., 1991
--------: Factors affecting mould growth on kiln dried wood, by Viitanen, H., 2001
spruce timber: Fungal growth on wood surfaces at different moisture conditions in crawl spaces, by Pasanen, P.O. et al, 2001
--------: Guide to wood design information, 2001-2002 edition, by Wood Products Council, 2001
--------: Health evaluation of volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions from wood and wood-based materials, by Jensen, L. K., Larsen, A., Molhave, L., Hansen, M. and Knudsen, B., 2001
heat and moisture transfer: Heat and moisture transfer in wood-based wall construction: measured versus predicted, by Zarr, R. R., Burch, D. M. and Fanney, A. H., 1995
--------: Hygroscopic moisture transport in wood, by Time, B., 1998
--------: Immunological detection of wood decay fungi - an overview of techniques developed from 1986, by Clausen, C. A., 1997
math model of sorption in wood: Mathematical modelling of sorption processes in timber based on numerical analysis mathematical modelling, by Dai, G. and Ahmet, K., 1999
measure, wood, permeability: Measurement of unsaturated wood permeability by transient flow methods, by Spolek, C. A. and Piroozmandi, F., 1996
--------: Measurement of wood grain angle, moisture content and density using microwaves (Messung der Faserneigung, der Holzfeuchte und der Rohdichte mittels Mikrowellen), by Schajer, G. S. and Orhan, F., 2006
--------: Micromechanical modelling of wood and fibre properties, by Persson, K., 2000
--------: Mold, housing and wood, by Robbins, C. and Morrell, J., 2003
--------: Mould and blue stain on heat treated wood, by Ahola, P., J?ms?, S., Viitanen, H. and Viitaniemi, P., 2002
--------: Nanotechnology applications in the forest products industry, by Moon, R. J., Frihart, C. R. and Wegner, T., 2006
--------: NT Build 420, Building Materials, Wood: Moisture Content, by Nortdtest, 0
--------: Panel Report, Canada/Japan -- Tariff on imports of Spruce, Pine, Fir (SPF) dimension lumber, adopted 19 July 1989, by WTO, 1989
--------: Predicting decay rates in structures: the effects of wood moisture content on decay rate, by Morrell, J. J., 2000
--------: Proceedings of International Conference on Wood-Water Relations : Annual Conference of COST Action E, by Hoffmeyer, P. (Ed), 1997
--------: Profile 2005 : softwood sawmills in the United States and Canada , by Spelter, H. and Alderman, M., 2005
--------: Retarded sorption in wood. experimental study, analyses and modelling, by H?kansson, 1998
review of wood panel sector 1999, US, Canada: Review of wood-based panel sector in United States and Canada, by Spelter, H., McKeever, D., and Durbak, I., 1999
--------: Sap stain in hardwood logs and lumber, by Cassens, D. L., 1991
environmental friendly: Spectroscopic evaluation and inspection of environmentally friendly wood protection systems, by Jernberg, P., Eriksson, B., and Abrahamsson, J., 1996
--------: Steel vs. wood -- long-term thermal performance comparison, Valparaiso demonstration homes, by National Association of Home Builders, 2002
2D transient heat transfer: Structure based, two-dimensional, anisotropic, transient heat conduction model for wood, by Gu, H., 2001
--------: Technology roadmap: lumber and value-added wood products, by Industry Canada,, 2005
--------: The hygrothermal inertia of massive timber constructions, by Hameury, S., 2006
roof: The problem of the durability of materials used in the rehabilitation of historic timber roofs- rehabilitation of historic timber roofs, by Cestari, C. B. and S. Cravero And S. C. C. Lombardi, 1999
--------: THE SPAN BOOK : span tables for the Canadian dimension lumber and glued-laminated timber, by Canadian Wood Council, 2004
--------: Timber joint design: the geometric breakdown method , by Erman, E., 2003
--------: U.S. forest products annual market review and prospects, 2002--2006, by Howard, J. L., 2006
--------: U.S. timber production, trade consumption, and price statistics 1965 to 1999, by Howard, J. L., 2001
--------: Volatile metabolites from indoor molds grown on media containing wood constituents, by Wilkins, K., Larsen, K. and Simkus, M., 2003
--------: Wetting phenomena on wood- factors influencing measurements of wood wettability, by W?linder, M., 2000
--------: Wood and wood-based materials: current status and future, by Fridley, K. J. Ed, 2002
long-term durability: Wood durability issues on the long-term performance of wood in service, by Quarles, S. L. and Tully, D.F, 0
wood handbook: Wood handbook - wood as an engineering material, by Forest Products Laboratory, 1999
--------: Wood innovation in the residential construction sector; opportunities and constraints, by Goverse, T., M. P. H., Groenewegen, P., Worrell, E. and Smits, R. E. H. M., 2001
Wood markets: Wood markets 2000 edition: the solid wood products outlook 2002 to 2006, by International Wood Markets Research Inc, 2000
--------: Wood material behavior in severe environments, by Allen, C., 1999
--------: Wood products used in new nonresidential building construction, by McKeever, D. B. and Adair, C., 1995
Wood used in new residential construction 1998 and 1995: Wood used in new residential construction 1998 and 1995, by NAHB Research Center, 1999
--------: Wood-destroying fungi in residential construction, by Smulski, S., 1996

CRDBER, at CBS, BCEE, ENCS, Concordia, June 2014