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Spatial and temporal distribution of driving rain on buildings: numerical simulation and experimental verification

Blocken, B. and Carmelie, J.
1999
Proceedings for Performance of Exterior Envelopes of Whole Buildings VIII: Integration of Building Envelopes, December 2-7, Clearwater Beach, Florida
driving rain, simulation, experimental verification

Blocken, B. and Carmelie, J., (1999), "Spatial and temporal distribution of driving rain on buildings: numerical simulation and experimental verification", Proceedings for Performance of Exterior Envelopes of Whole Buildings VIII: Integration of Building Envelopes, December 2-7, Clearwater Beach, Florida.
Abstract:
This paper presents a review and application results of a practical numerical method to determine both the spatial and temporal distribution of driving rain on buildings. It is based on an existing numerical simulation technique and uses the building geometry and climatic data at the building site as input. The method is applied to determine the three-dimensional spatial and temporal distribution of driving rain on a low-rise building of complex geometry for an on-site recorded rain event. Distinct wetting patterns are found, the features of which are analyzed. The comparison of the numerical results with full-scale measurements shows good agreement. The importance of time representativeness of climatic input data for the numerical method is emphasized. For this purpose, a new weighted averaging technique for wind and rain data is presented.

also in

Blocken, B. ; Carmeliet, J. 2002. Spatial and temporal distribution of driving rain on a low-rise building. Wind and Structures, Vol. 5, No. 5., pp. 441-462, Sep 2002.

Blocken, B., Carmeliet, J. 2000. Driving rain on building envelopes - I, numerical estimation and full-scale experimental verification. Journal of Thermal Envelope and Building Science, 24(1) 61-85.

Blocken, B., Carmeliet, J. 2000. Driving rain on building envelopes - II, representative experimental data for driving rain estimation. Journal of Thermal Envelope and Building Science, 24(2), 89-110.

Blocken, B., Carmeliet, J. 2002. A review on wind-driven rain research in building science. In preparation.

REFERENCES

Best, A.C. 1950. The size distribution of raindrops. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 76:pp. 16-36.

Blocken, B., and J. Carmeliet. 2000a. Driving rain on buildingenvelopes I, numerical estimation and full-scale experimental verification. Journal of Thermal Envelope and Building Science 24 (1): 61-85.

Blocken, B., and J. Carmeliet. 2000b. Driving rain on building envelopes II, representative experimental data for driving rain estimation. Journal of Thermal Envelope and Building Science 24 (2): 89-110.

Blocken, B., H. Hens, and J. Carmeliet. 2001. Methods for the quantification of driving rain on buildings. Submitted for presentation at the ASHRAE Winter Meeting, January 12-16, Atlantic City, NJ.

Bollen, S., and G. Eerdekens. 1998. Regenbelasting van gevels (driving rain on building facades). Master's thesis, Laboratory of Building Physics, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (in Dutch).

BSI. 1992. BS 8104. Code of practice for assessing exposure of walls to wind-driven rain. CEN. 1997. PrEN 13013-3, Hygrothermal performance of

buildings¡ªClimatic data, part 3: Calculation of a driving rain index for vertical surfaces from hourly wind and rain data.

Choi, E.C.C. 1991. Numerical simulation of wind-drivenrain falling onto a 2-D building. Hong Kong: Asia Pacific Conference on Computational Mechanics, pp. 1721-1728.

Choi, E.C.C. 1993. Simulation of wind-driven-rain around a building. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 46 and 47: 721-729.

Choi, E.C.C. 1994a. Determination of wind-driven-rain intensity on building faces. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 51: 55-69.

Choi, E.C.C. 1994b. Parameters affecting the intensity of wind-driven rain on the front face of a building. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 53: 1-17.

Etyemezian, V., C.I. Davidson, M. Zufall, W. Dai, S. Finger, and M. Striegel. 2000. Impingement of raindrops on a tall building. Atmospheric Environment 34: 2399-2412.

Hangan, H. 1999. Wind-driven rain studies. A C-FD-E approach. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial

Aerodynamics 81: 323-331. H?gberg, A.B., M.K. Kragh, and F.J.R. van Mook. 1999. A comparison of driving rain measurements with different

gauges. Proceedings of 5th Symposium on Building Physics in the Nordic Countries, Gothenburg, pp. 361- 368.

Lakehal, D., P.G. Mestayer, J.B. Edson, S. Anquetin,and J.-F. Sini. 1995. Eulero-Lagrangian simulation of raindrop trajectories and impacts with the urban canopy. Atmospheric Environment 29 (23): 3501-3517.

Karagiozis, A., and G. Hadjisophocleous. 1996. Wind-driven rain on high rise buildings. Thermal Performance of the Exterior Envelopes of Buildings VI. Atlanta: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.

Karagiozis, A., G. Hadjisophocleous, and S. Cao. 1997. Wind-driven rain distributions on two buildings. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 67 and 68: 559-572.

Kim, S.-E., D. Choudhury, and B. Patel. 1997. Computations of complex turbulent flows using the commercial code FLUENT. Proceedings of the ICASE/LaRC/AFOSR Symposium on Modeling Complex Turbulent Flows, Hampton, Virginia.

Kragh, M.K. 1998. Microclimatic conditions at the external surface of building envelopes, Ph.D. thesis, Technical University of Denmark, Department of Buildings and Energy, Report R-027.

Sanders, C. 1996. Heat, air and moisture transfer in insulated envelope parts, Final report, Volume 2, Task: 2: Environmental conditions. Acco, Leuven: International Energy Agency Annex 24.

Sankaran, R., and D.A. Paterson. 1995. Computation of rain falling on a tall rectangular building. Proceedings of 9ICWE, New Delhi, India.

Shih, T.-H., W.W. Liou, A. Shabbir, and J. Zhu. 1995. A new k-??eddy-viscosity model for high Reynolds number turbulent

flows¡ªModel development and validation. Computers and Fluids 24 (3): 227-238.

Van Mook, F.J.R., M.H. De Wit, and J.A. Wisse. 1997. Computer simulation of driving rain on building envelopes. Proceedings of 2EACWE, Genova, Italy, pp. 1059-1066.

Van Mook, F.J.R. 1998. Measurements of driving rain by a driving-rain gauge with a wiper. CIB taskgroup 21 meeting, G?vle, Sweden.

Van Mook, F.J.R. 1999a. Full-scale measurements and numeric simulations of driving rain. Proceedings of 10 ICWE, Copenhagen, Denmark, pp. 1145-1152.

Van Mook, F.J.R. 1999b. Measurements and simulations of driving rain on the main building of the TUE. Proceedings of 5th Symposium on Building Physics in the Nordic Countries, Gothenburg, Sweden, pp. 377-384.

Wisse, J.A. 1994. Driving rain, a numerical study. Proceedings of 9th Symposium on Building Physics and Building Climatology, Dresden, September.
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Author Information and Other Publications Notes
Blocken, B.
Laboratory of Building Physics, Department of Civil Engineering, Katholieke Universiteit, Leuven, Belgium. http://perswww.kuleuven.ac.be/~u0008129/
  1. A review of wind-driven rain research in building science
  2. A simplified numerical model for rainwater runoff on building facades: Possibilities and limitations
  3. Conservative modelling of the moisture and heat transfer in building components under atmospheric excitation
  4. Driving rain on building envelopes II: representative experimental data for driving rain estimation
  5. Pedestrian wind environment around buildings: literature review and practical examples
  6. Quantification of driving rain as a boundary condition for water flow modelling in building parts
  7. Rainwater runoff from building facades: A review
  8. Spatial and temporal distribution of driving rain on a low-rise building
  9. Validation of external BES-CFD coupling by inter-model comparison
  10. Wind, rain and the building envelope: studies at the Laboratory of Building Physics, KULeuven
  11. Wind-driven rain as a boundary condition for HAM simulations: Analysis of simplified modelling approaches  
Carmelie, J.
Laboratory of Building Physics, Department of Civil Engineering, Katholieke Universiteit, Leuven, Belgium.
     


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