wind driven rain

"Wind-driven rain (WDR) or driving rain is rain that is given a horizontal velocity component by the wind and that falls obliquely." See -- Blocken and Carmeliet, 2004, A review of wind-driven rain research in building science for a recent in-depth review.

Rain drops fall on building surfaces due to blowing wind is one of the main moisture loading factors.

Research on wind-driven rain or driving rain has been mainly experimental until later by study of Choi. Using numerical simulation techniques to predict the driving rain (trace and patterns on building exterior surface) has received much attention lately.

Work include: rain drop size distributions (mainly from metrological studies and using empirical relations), simulation of wind velocity field around buildings, simulation of rain trace, simulation of rain fall on surface, and calculation of "catch ratio".

Simulations from steady-state (Choi) and with temporal variation (Blocken) using CFD numerical solutions

Related info:

UK standard: BSI (1992). BS 8104: Code of practice for assessing exposure of walls to wind-driven rain, BSI.

Wind Engineering and Building Envelope by Choi

http://sts.bwk.tue.nl/drivingrain/

Research on wind, rain and driving rain at the TUE site

"the measurements with CFD simultations of wind and driving rain at the same site"

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A review of wind-driven rain research in building science, by Blocken, B. and Carmeliet, J., 2004

Wind pressures important in wetting of exterior walls (driving rain)

Air pressures in wood frame walls, by TenWolde, A., Carll, C. G., and Malinauskas, V., 1998

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An experimental study of pressure gradients and their implications for the design of pressure-moderated rainscreens, by Inculet, D., Surry, D. and Davenport, A.G, 2001

climatic relation between rain and wind

An exploratory study of the climatic relationships between rain and wind, by Surry, D., Skerlj, P.F. and Mikitiuk, M.J, 1995

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Approach for urban driving rain index by using climatological data recorded at suburban meteorological station, by Zhu, D., Mallidi, S.R. and Fazio, P., 1995

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BS EN 12865:2001 Hygrothermal performance of building components and building elements. Determination of the resistance of external wall systems to driving rain under pulsating air pressure, by BSI, 2001

BSI standard

Code of practice for assessing the exposure of walls to wind-driven rain, by BSI, 1992

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Determination and validation of the microclimate load: Driving rain and solar radiation, by Adl-Zarrabi, B. and A. H?gberg, 2002

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Driving rain on building envelopes, by van Mook, F., 2002

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E331-00 Standard Test Method for Water Penetration of Exterior Windows, Skylights, Doors, and Curtain Walls by Uniform Static Air Pressure Difference, by ASTM, 2000

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Final Report from Task 8 of MEWS Project (T8-03) - Hygrothermal Response of Exterior Wall Systems to Climate Loading: Methodology and Interpretation of Results for Stucco, EIFS, Masonry and Siding Clad Wood-Frame Walls, by Beaulieu, P., Bomberg, M., Cornick, S., Dalgliesh, A., Desmarais, G., Djebbar, R., Kumaran, K., Lacasse, M., Lackey, J. Maref, W., et al., 2002

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Full-scale measurements and numeric simulation of driving rain on a building fasade, by van Mook, F., 1999

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Influence of facade geometry on weathering, by El-Shimi, M., White, R. and Fazio, P., 1980

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Mapping rainfall distribution characteristics on facades using surface deposit geometry, by Snape, P. and B. Atkinson, 1999

measurement and simulation

Measurements and simulations of driving rain on the main building of the TUE, by van Mook, F., 1999

field measurements

Microclimate: field measurements, driving rain analyses, by Adl-Zarrabi, B. and H?gberg, A. B., 2001

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Optimum vent locations for partially-pressurized rainscreens, by Inculet, D. and D. Surry, 1997

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Performance of an optical spectro pluviometer in measuring basic rain erosivity characteristics, by Salles, C. and Poesen, J., 1999

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Physical geography, climatology of wind-driven rain for the contiguous United States for the period 1971 to 1995, by Underwood, S.J. and Meentemeyer, V., 1998

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Quantification of driving rain as a boundary condition for water flow modelling in building parts, by Blocken, B., 2004

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Quantitative driving rain exposure on a vertical wall at various Canadian cities, by Zhu, D., Mallidi, S.R. and Fazio, P., 1995

driving rain exposure index

Quantitative studies driving rain exposure on a vertical building fa?ade in an urban area, by Zhu, D., 1995

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Rainwater intrusion in light-frame building walls, by Carll, C., 2000

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Simplified prediction of driving rain deposition, by Straube, J.F. and Burnett, E.F.P, 2000

simulation of wind-driven rain and wetting pattern

Simulation of wind-driven rain and wetting patterns on buildings, by Inculet, D. and D. Surry, 1995

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Simulation of wind-driven-rain around a building, by Choi, E. C. C., 1992

Spatial and temporal distribution on buildings

Spatial and temporal distribution of driving rain on buildings: numerical simulation and experimental verification, by Blocken, B. and Carmelie, J., 1999

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Variation of wind-driven rain intensity with building orientation, by Choi, E. C. C., 2000

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Wind-driven rain and driving rain coefficient during thunderstorms and non-thunderstorms, by Choi, E. C. C., 2001

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Wind-driven rain distributions on two buildings, by Karagiozis, A., Hadjisophocleous, G. and Cao,S, 1997

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Wind-driven rain on building faces and the driving-rain index, by Choi, E. C. C., 1999

case study

Wind-driven rain study for the Governor's Road Project, by Horia Hangan and David Surry, 1999