Conceptual Reference Database for Building Envelope Research Prev
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  • biodeterioration
  • fungi: molds in buildings
  • moisture damages and problems for buildings
  • experiment: mycology study
  • fungi: aerobiology, dispersion of spores,
  • fungi: assessment, sampling and analysis
  • fungi: damage to buildings
  • fungi: damp house -- health
  • fungi: growth and growth model
  • fungi: health effects
  • fungi: legal, law, litigation, insurance issues
  • fungi: mold in walls -- indoor microbial concentrations
  • fungi: MVOC - microbial volatile organic compound
  • fungi: preservatives against fungi growth and mold decay
  • fungi: remediation, treatment, prevention
  • fungi: spore, aerosol



  • Related Articles
  • anabiosis in mycology
  • mold: Building & Environmental Inspection, Testing, Diagnosis, Repair, & Problem Prevention Advice
  • Building Mycology
  • Common indoor fungi
  • Encyclopedia Britannica definitions related to fungi
  • Encyclopedia Britannica reference of fungi
  • Five Kingdoms of Life
  • Overview: Fungi - A concise Description
  • Fungi and human disease
  • symboints: Fungi as symbions
  • Fungi in Ventilation Systems Bibliography
  • Fungi of water-damated building
  • Fungi Spore in the air
  • fungi: classification
  • Journal: Aerosol Science
  • Journal: Analyst
  • Journal: Applied and Environmental Microbiology
  • Journal: Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology
  • Journal: Fungal Genetics and Biology
  • not strongly related to ventilation rate: low air leakage and natural ventilation were not associated with higher measures of mold growth
  • Mold and Moisture
  • Mold Reporter
  • Overview: molds
  • Mycology
  • References for mold and fungi studies
  • Toxins of fungi
  • web sites: fungi, mold
  • Wood fungi

  • Concept:

    fungi and molds in buildings and their envelopes

    "Fungi are a kingdom of organisms that include mushrooms, mildews, molds, and yeasts. It is estimated that there are between 50,000 and 250,000 species of fungi, and fewer than 200 have been described as human pathogens that can cause infections. Molds are ubiquitous in nature and grow almost anywhere indoors and outdoors. More than 1,000 different kinds of indoor molds have been found in U.S. homes. Molds spread and reproduce by making spores, which are very small and lightweight, able to travel through air, capable of resisting dry, adverse environmental conditions, and hence capable of surviving a long time. Molds need moisture and food to grow, and their growth is stimulated by warm, damp, and humid conditions. " -- Redd, S. C., 2002, State of the science on molds and human health

    Fungi comprise approximately one quarter of the biomass of the planet ( Miller 1992 ). Common names of fungi include mushrooms, rusts, smuts, puffballs, truffles, morels, molds, and yeasts.

    "Fungi: Neither animals nor plants, fungi are classified in their own kingdom. The fungi kingdom includes a very large group of organisms, including molds, yeasts, mushrooms, and puffballs. There are more than 100,000 accepted fungal species¡ªbut current estimates range up to 10 million species. Mycologists (people who study fungi) group fungi into four large groups according to their reproduction method." (source This link was broken when checked on Dec. 2006The Facts About Mold)

    "Fungi literally mold the Earth. They modify our habitats and are essential in many ecosystem functions. For example they are among the biological agents that form soil, decay wood, enhance plant growth, and cull plants from forests. Some fungi are animal pathogens that in worse cases kill us, while other fungi have perforrmaed miraculous cures. Fungi feed us and poison us. They perform industrial processes, and several are important as model eukaryotic systems that push back the frontiers of biological research. 1.5 million species of fungi interact with all major groups of organisms, and by their decent from an ancestor shared with animals the group constitutes a major eukaryotic lineage equal to that of the animals and exceeding the plants." -- This link was checked on Dec. 2006Fungi Mold the World -Special Topics in Biological Sciences

    Replacement of biodeteriorated wood in service accounts for about 10% of the annual timber cut in the United States (Zabel and Morrell, 1992 R.A. Zabel and J.J. Morrell, Wood Microbiology: Decay and its Prevention, Academic Press, San Diego, CA (1992).Zabel and Morrell, 1992). Annual losses of over 1 billion US dollars (USD) result from fungal deterioration of untreated or inadequately treated wood (Scheffer, 1973 T.C. Scheffer, Microbiological degradation and the causal organisms. In: D.D. Nicholas, Editor, Degradation and Protection of Wood Vol. 1, Syracuse University Press, Syracuse, NY (1973)).

    "Mold: A group of organisms that belong to the fungi kingdom. Although the terms mold and fungi have been commonly referred to interchangeably, all molds are fungi, but not all fungi are molds." (This link was broken when checked on Dec. 2006Source (www.aiha.org/GovernmentAffairs-PR/html/oomold.htm) )

    "Fifty percent (50%) of homes contain problem molds. A new medical study attributes nearly 100% of chronic sinus infections to mold. A 300% increase in the asthma rate over the past 20 years has been linked to molds." -- as reported in USA WEEKEND, Dec. 3-5, 1999


    This database collects many publications, web resources, and information related to the mold issues for building envelope researches. These issues are:


    See Fungi - A concise Description for a jump start on mold and building mycology

    See This link was checked on Dec. 2006Non-Technical Introduction to the World of Fungi and Mycology for basic information.
    tidbits

    This link was broken when checked on Dec. 2006The Facts About Mold by AIHA

    This link was broken when checked on Dec. 2006MOLD TIMELINE

    This link was checked on Dec. 2006Indoor fungi resources Details of many fungi.

    This link was broken when checked on Dec. 2006Mold: Cause, Effect and Response by Foundation of the Wall and Ceiling Industry.

    This link was broken when checked on Dec. 2006Common Questions and Answers about Mold and Wood-based Products

    This link was checked on Dec. 2006What Is Household Mold & How Common Is It?, with several good quotes

    This link was checked on Dec. 2006References for the Industrial Hygienist Product Data Bulletin (PDF)

    This link was checked on Dec. 2006Mold lab resources

    This link was broken when checked on Dec. 2006Mold articles

    This link was checked on Dec. 2006Fungi in buildings - The University of Minnesota

    This link was broken when checked on Dec. 2006fungus definition and taxonomy by Wikipedia




    Web Links (52): Notes
    Related References (63)
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    A Brief Guide to Mould in the Workplace , by U. S. Department of Labor, 2003
    growth of model
    A mathematical model of mold growth on wooden material, by Hukka, A. and Viitanen H., 1999
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    Analysis of possibilities to amend or delete Art. 59 of the international code of botanical nomenclature to achieve a unified nomenclature and classification of the fungi, by Hennebert, G. L. and Gams, W., 2002
    Gliocladium viren against decay fungi in wood
    Antagonistic properties of Gliocladium virens against wood attacking fungi, by Highley, T. L., H.S. Anantha Padmanabha and C.R. Howell, 1996
    bio damage
    Bacteria, molds, and toxins in water-damaged building materials, by Andersson, M. A., M. Nikulin, U. Ko Ljalg, M. C. Andersson, F. Rainey, K. Reijula, E.-L. Hintikka, And M. Salkinoja-Salonen, 1997
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    Bioaerosols: assessment and contro, by Macher, J. (Ed), 1999
    brown rot
    Biodegradative mechanism of the brown rot Gloeophyllum trabeum: evidence for an extracellular fenton reaction, by Kerem, Zohar; Jensen, Kenneth A.; Hammel, Kenneth E., 1999
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    Biodeterioration of wood in houses, by Cooperative Extension Service - Clemson University, 1991
    brown rot, white rot
    Biotechnology in the study of brown-and white-rot decay, by Highley, T. L. and Dashek, W. V., 1998
    workshop
    Bugs, mold & rot II, by Bales, E. and Rose, W. B., 1994
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    Bugs, Mold & Rot III Conference, by Anon, 1999
    mycology of building
    Building mycology -- management of decay and health in buildings, by Singh, J., 1994
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    Characterizing moisture damaged buildings - environmental and biological monitoring, by Hyv?rinen, A., 2002
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    Colonization of fiberglass insulation used in heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems, by Price D. L. ; Simmons R. B. ; Ezeonu I. M. ; Crow S. A. ; Ahearn D. G., 1994
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    D6329-98 standard guide for developing methodology for evaluating the ability of indoor materials to support microbial growth using static environmental chambers, by ASTM, 2002
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    Danish Research Program on "Moulds in buildings" 1998-2001, by Anon, 2001
    Decay of wood
    Decay of wood and wood-based products above ground in buildings, Mechanism of Brown-Rot Decay: Paradigm or Paradox, by Carll, C. G. and Highley, T. L., 1999
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    Development of experimental procedure to evaluate potential movement of mold spores from wall cavity to indoor environment, by Fazio, P., Bartlett, K., Yang, D., Rao, J. and Miao, G., 2005
    dry rot, Serpula lacrymans
    Development of model systems for investigations of the dry rot fungus Serpula lacrymans (Schumach. ex Fr.) Gray: Use for analysis of the environmental sensitivity of the organism, by Low, G. A., Palfreyman, J. W., White, N. A. and Sinclair, D. C. R., 1999
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    Distribution of various fungi reported on different indoor substrates, by Thiagarajan, S., Fallah, P., Burge, H. and Gallup, J., 2005
    airborne fungi
    Exposure to airborne fungi, MVOC and mycotoxins in biowaste-handling facilities, by Fischer, G., M¨¹ller, T., Schwalbe, R., Ostrowski, R. and Dott, W., 2000
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    Fundamentals of mycology, 2nd Ed, by Burnett, J. H., 1994
    glossary
    Fungal contamination in public buildings: a guide to recognition and management, by Davies, R., Summerbell, R. C., Haldane, D., Dufour, A., Yu, K., Broder, I., Dales, R., Kirkbride, J., Kauri, T. and Robertson, W., 1995
    Fungal defacement
    Fungal defacement in buildings: a performance related approach, by Hens, H., 2000
    measurement, dust sample
    Fungal extracellular polysaccharides, (13)-glucans and culturable fungi in repeated sampling of house dust , by Chew, G. L., Douwes, J., Doekes, G., Higgins, K. M., Strien, R. V., Spithoven, J. and Brunekreef, B., 2001
    black lung disease
    Fungi & Indoor Air Quality, by McNeel, S. V. and Kreutzer, R. V., 1996
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    Fungi in moisture-damaged building materials, by Hyv?rinen, A. et al, 2001
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    Guidelines on assessment and remediation of fungi in indoor environments, by New York City Department of Health, 0
    Stachybotrys chartarum
    Health effects of toxin-producing indoor molds in California, by California Department of Health Services, 1998
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    Identification and treatment of toxic molds , by Adams, S., 2002
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    Immunological detection of wood decay fungi - an overview of techniques developed from 1986, by Clausen, C. A., 1997
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    Increased prevalence of atopy among children exposed to mold in a school building, by Savilahti, R., J. Uitti, et al., 2001
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    Indicators of mold growth in indoor environments, by Vice, S.J, 2000
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    Indoor mold growth: health hazards and remediation, by Kowalski, W. J., 2000
    Penicillium
    Inflammatory potential of the spores of Penicillium spinulosum isolated from indoor air of a moisture-damaged building in mouse lungs , by Jussila, J., Komulainena, H., Kosma, V., Pelkonen, J. and Hirvonen, M., 2002
    mycology book
    Introductory mycology, by Alexopoulos, C., C. Mims, and M. Blackwell, 1996
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    Microbiology on indoor air'99- what is new and interesting? an overview of selected papers presented in Edinburgh, August, 1999, by Gravesen, S., 2000
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    Microbodies in fungi - a review, by Carson, D. B. and Cooney, J. J., 1990
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    Mold and law, by Lozano, G. D. A., 2002
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    Mold performance of some construction products with and without borates, by Fogel, J.L. and J. D. Lloyd, 2002
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    Mold: Behind the hype, by Kozlowski, D., 2003
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    MVOC emission patterns of indoor fungi: strain and culture differences, by Horner, W., A. Worthan, B. Epstien, and M. Black, 1999
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    Mycology lecture course, by Nicklin, J., 2003
    airborne
    Prevalence of culturable airborne fungi in 100 U.S. office buildings in the building assessment survey and evaluation (BASE) study, by Macher, J.M., F. C. Tsai, L.E. Burton, K.Liu, and J. M. Waldman, 2001
    fungi and transient relative humdity
    Response of fungi to transient relative humidities, by Adan, O. C. G., 1995
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    Review of concentration standards and guidelines for fungi in indoor air, by Rao, C., Burge, H. and Chang, J., 1996
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    Sap stain in hardwood logs and lumber, by Cassens, D. L., 1991
    fungi in indoor air,
    Significance of fungi in indoor air: report from a working group, by Tobin, R.S., E. Bavoneuslei, A. Gilman, T. Kuiper-Goodman, J.D. Miller, and M. Giddings, Reinikainen, L. M. and Jaakkola, J. J. K., 1987
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    Sources and exposures to biological particles , by Nevalainena, A., Meklina, T. and Hyv?rinena, A., 1998
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    The drying potential and risk for mold growth in compact wood frame roofs with built-in moisture, by Geving, S. and Holme, J., 2009
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    The fifth kingdom, by Kendrick, B., 1985
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    The fundamentals of fungi, by Armstrong, S.. and Liaw, J., 2002
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    The illustrated mold handbook, by Professional Equipment, 2003
    Penicillium brevicompactum
    The relationship between fungal growth in wall cavities and the fungal ecology of indoor environments, by Heinsohn, P., 2002
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    The relationship between measured moisture conditions and fungal concentrations in water-damaged building materials, by Pasanen, A. L., S. Rautiala, et al., 2000
    dry rot, Serpula lacrymans
    The use of representative modelling to test the efficacy of environmental control treatments for the dry rot fungus Serpula lacrymans: simulating the infection and the treatment of flooring timber, by Palfreyman, J.W., Smith, D. and Low, G.A, 2001
    fungi decay due to high moisture in exterior sheathing
    Tri State homes: a case study of extensive decay in the walls of older manufactured homes with exterior vapor retarder, by Tsongas, G. and Olson, J., 1995
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    Understanding mold in the property restoration industry, by Servpro Industries, Inc, 2001
    MVOC
    Volatile compounds originating from mixed microbial cultures on building materials under various humidity conditions, by Korpi, A. Pasanen,A.L. and P. Pasanen, 1998
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    Water potential and wood-decay fungi, by Griffin, D.M., 1977
    Chapter 13 Biodeterioration of Wood
    Wood handbook - wood as an engineering material, by Forest Products Laboratory, 1999
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    Wood-based boards : response to attack by mould and stain fungi, by Wang, Q., 1994
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    Wood-destroying fungi in residential construction, by Smulski, S., 1996



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