CRDConcept: fungi: spore, aerosol

Conceptual Reference Database for Building Envelope Research	Prev Next

Andersen air sampler -- Andersen Instruments Incorporated.

Bioaerosols

Danish research program: Micro Fungi and indoor air - release of spores

fungal spore sampling methods

Fungi - A concise Description

Journal: Aerosol Science

mold spores - industrial hygienist perpective

Ratio of viable and nonviable bioaerosol

Concept:

fungi: spore, aerosol

Indoor fungal aerosols follow that of outdoor concentrations. (Burge 2002, An update on pollen and fungal spore aerobiology))

Guideline for exposure levels AIRBORNE FUNGAL SPORES (pollenuk.worc.ac.uk/Aero/FUNGI/fungi.htm)

Transport of Spores

"Starting with spore production, dispersal depends, in turn, on spore release or removal from a substrate, spore escape from the canopy space, transport and dilution of a spore cloud by turbulent wind, loss of inoculums viability during transport, spore removal from the atmosphere by precipitation, spore deposition on host tissue, and the infection efficiency of deposited spores on susceptible host tissue. All of these components change in time and space, challenging the aerobiologist to identify critical biophysical processes that control disease spread." -- Aylor, 1999, Biophysical scaling and the passive dispersal of fungus spores: relationship to integrated pest management strategies

Source strength of moldy material: Gorny et al., 2001, Source strength of fungal spore aerosolization from moldy building material

Release of spores: depends on fungal species, substrate, surface texture, air current, relative humidity, etc; also age of culture, ::: Pasanen et al., 1991, Significance of air humidity and air velocity for fungal spore release into the air ,, Kildes? et al., 2000, The release of fungal spores from water damaged building materials ,, Kildes? et al., 2002, Fungal spores from wet gypsum boards relationship between release and age of culture (determined by fungal genus and controlled by incubation time among other; spore sources may be limitted); G¨®rny et al., 2003, Release of Streptomyces albus propagules from contaminated surfaces ;;

Dispersion of spore: Rambert A., Huber L., Gougat P., 1998, Laboratory study of fungal spore movement using Laser Doppler Velocimetry ;;

Spore transport in atmosphere: Chengweia et al., 1997, A numerical model of the transport and diffusion of Peronospora tabacina spores in the evolving atmospheric boundary layer

spore release rate is directly related to flow rate and surface loading and reversely to RH Gravesen, S., 2000, Microbiology on Indoor Air `99- What is New and Interesting? An Overview of Selected Papers Presented in Edinburgh, August, 1999

Online source

Portable Rotorod (www.ag.ndsu.nodak.edu/ndagres/spring98/ar10598.htm)

The spores can last up to forty years before hatching Online source

"As allergenicity is independent of viability, sampling results should be a good indication of potential health-affecting mold exposure risk."

Web Links (9):

Notes

Aerobiological Engineering: Extensive information and links to Aerobiological Engineering -- "the art and science of designing buildings and systems for the control of airborne pathogens and reduction of respiratory infections in indoor environments."
Air Quality Sciences AQS: An IAQ company "To evaluate and maintain acceptable air quality in indoor spaces,...". With good background information.
AIRBORNE FUNGAL SPORES: designed and is maintained by Fee Warner. Excellent on intro info, with many color images
Environmental Microbiology Laboratory, Inc. (EMLab): "commercial indoor air quality testing laboratory in North America"
European Aerobiology Information: Detailed information on sampling principles and procedures, instruments, equipment and counting techniques
NBA outdoor spore count data, NBA category: "provides the most accurate and reliable pollen and mold counts from approximately 78 counting stations throughout the United States and three counting stations in Canada (Vancouver, London, Hamilton, Niagara Falls). The stations use air sampling equipment to collect airborne pollen and spores which are then examined microscopically. This information is also used for research to aid in the diagnosis, treatment and management of allergic diseases."
pathogenic fungi database - Institute of Medical Mycology (TIMM): The database includes list of 1631 species related to toxic fungi
Portable Rotorod
Systematic Botany and Mycology databases: Searchable of fungi

Related References (67)

--------: A comparison of airborne ergosterol, glucan and Air-O-Cell data in relation to physical assessments of mold damage and some other parameters, by Foto, M., Vrijmoed, L. L. P., Miller, J. D., Ruest, K., Lawton, M. and Dales, R. E., 2005
--------: Adhesion strength of settled spores of the green alga enteromorpha , by Finlay, J. A., Callow, M. E., Schultz, M. P., Swain, G. W. and Callow, J. A., 2002
--------: Aerodynamic diameters and respiratory deposition estimates of viable fungal particles in mold problem dwellings, by Reponen, T., 1995
--------: Aerodynamic versus physical size of spores: measurement and implication for respiratory deposition, by Reponen, T., Grinshpun, S. A., Conwell, K. L., Wiest, J. and Anderson, M., 2001
--------: Aerosol characteristics of airborne actinomycetes and fungi, by Grinshpun, S. A., Reponen, T. and Willeke, K., 1997
--------: Air sampling for fungi in indoor environments, by Flannigan, B., 1997
--------: Airborne Alternaria spores in SE Spain (1993-98) , by Giner, M. M., Garc¨Şa, J. C. and Camacho, C.N, 2001
--------: Airborne fungi monitoring in Santiago, Chile , by Henr¨Şquez, V. I., Villegas, G. R. and Nolla, J. M. R., 2001
--------: Airborne viable, non-viable, and allergenic fungi in a rural agricultural area of India: a 2-year study at five outdoor sampling stations , by Adhikari, A., Sen, M. M., Gupta-bhattacharya, S. and Chanda, S., 2004
--------: An evaluation of two methods used for microscopic analysis of airborne fungal spore concentrations from the Burkard spore trap, by Sterling, M. and Levetin, C.R.&.E, 1999
--------: An update on pollen and fungal spore aerobiology, by Burge, H. A., 2002
--------: Characteristics of airborne actinomycete spores, by Reponen, T.A., Gazenko, S.V., Grinshpun, S.A., Willeke, K. and Cole, E.C, 1998
--------: Characterizing moisture damaged buildings - environmental and biological monitoring, by Hyv?rinen, A., 2002
--------: Collection of bioaerosol particles by impaction: effect of fungal spore agglomeration and bounce, by Trunov, M., Trakumas, S., Willeke, K., Grinshpun, S. A. and Reponen, T., 2001
--------: Collection of fungal spores on air filters and spore reentrainment from filters into air, by Jankowska, E., Reponen, T., Willeke, K., Grinshpun, S. A. and Choi, K., 2000
--------: Comparison of concentrations and size distributions of fungal spores in buildings with and without mould problems, by Reponen, T., Hyvarinen, A., Ruuskanen, J., Raunemaa, T. and Nevalainen, A., 1994
seasonal variations: Comparisons of seasonal fungal prevalence in indoor and outdoor air and in house dusts of dwellings in one Northeast American county, by Ren, P., Jankun, T.M. and Leaderer, B.P, 1999
--------: D6329-98 standard guide for developing methodology for evaluating the ability of indoor materials to support microbial growth using static environmental chambers, by ASTM, 2002
--------: Determination of fungal spore release from wet building materials, by Kildes?, J., W¨ąrtz, H., Nielsen, K. F., Kruse, P., Wilkins, K., Thrane, U., Gravesen, S. and Nielsen, P. A., 2003
--------: Development of a model to predict the effect of temperature and moisture on fungal spore longevity, by Hong, T. D., Ellis, R. H. and Moore, D., 1997
--------: Effect of aerosolization, growth phase and residence time in spray and collection fluids on the culturability of cells and spores, by Griffiths, W. D., Stewart, I. W., Reading, A. R., Futter, S. J. and Number, P. V., 1998
aerodynamic diameter of spore: Effect of relative humidity on the aerodynamic diameter and respiratory deposition of fungal spores, by Reponen, T., Willeke, K., Ulevicius, V., Reponen, A. and Grinshpun, S. A., 1996
--------: Efficiency of a portable indoor air cleaner in removing pollens and fungal spores, by Cheng, Y. S., Lu, J. C. and Chen, T. R., 1998
--------: Everyday activities and variation of fungal spore concentrations in indoor air, by Lehtonen, M., Reponen, T. and Nevalainen, A., 1993
--------: Experimental evaluation of potential transport of mold spores from moldy studs in full-size wall assemblies, by Rao, J., Fazio, P., Bartlett, K. and Yang, D., 2009
--------: Fungal aerosols: A review, by Madelin, T. M., 1994
--------: Fungal and actinomycete spore aerosols measured at different humidities with an aerodynamic particle sizer, by Madelin, T. M. and Johnson, H. E., 1992
--------: Fungal contamination in public buildings: a guide to recognition and management, by Davies, R., Summerbell, R. C., Haldane, D., Dufour, A., Yu, K., Broder, I., Dales, R., Kirkbride, J., Kauri, T. and Robertson, W., 1995
--------: Fungal microcolonies on indoor surfaces an explanation for the base-level fungal spore counts in indoor air, by Pasanen, A., Heinonen-tanski, H., Kalliokoski, P. and Jantunen, M. J., 1992
--------: Fungal spores from wet gypsum boards relationship between release and age of culture, by Kildes?, P. K., Madsen, H. W. and Wilkins, K., 2002
--------: Fungal spores: hazardous to health? , by Sorenson, W. G., 1999
--------: Fungi as contaminants in indoor air, by Miller, J. D., 1992
--------: Hidden mold sometimes enters the indoor air, by Morey, P., Andrew, M., Ligman, B. and Jarvis, J., 2002
--------: Image analysis applied for aerobiology , by Jones, A.S. , A. S. J., 2000
--------: Interpreting airborne data , by Spurgeo, J., 2004
--------: Measurement of airborne fungal spore dispersal from three types of flooring materials, by Buttner, M. P., Cruz-perez, P., Stetzenbach, L. D., Garrett, P. J. and Lutke, A. E., 2002
--------: Microbodies in fungi - a review, by Carson, D. B. and Cooney, J. J., 1990
--------: Modeling Immune Building Systems for Bioterrorism Defense, by Kowalski, W., Bahnfleth, W. and Musser, A., 2003
germination process by image processing: Morphological recognition of fungal spore germination by a computer-aided image analysis and its application to antifungal activity evaluation, by Oh, K., Chen, Y., Matsuoka, H., Yamamoto, A. and Kurata, H., 1996
--------: Performance of bioaerosol samplers: collection characteristics and sampler design considerations, by Nevalainen, A., Pastuszka, J., Liebhaber, F. and Willeke, K., 1992
--------: Personal exposures and microenvironmental concentrations of particles and bioaerosols , by Toivola, M., Alm, S., Reponen, T., Kolari, S. and Nevalainen, A., 2002
--------: Pollen and fungal spores indoor and outdoor of mobile homes, by Sterling, D.A. and Lewis, R.D., 1998
--------: Pollen and fungal spores indoor and outdoor of mobile homes, by Sterling, D.A. and Lewis, R.D., 1998
--------: Portable x-ray fluorescence spectrometry for measuring multiple airborne metals: a NIOSH screening method under development, by Lawryk, N. and Chen, B., 2002
--------: Preparation of fungal spores for mycotoxin detection, by Murad, Y. M., Lewis, C. W., Anderson, J. G. and Smith, J. E., 1993
--------: Profiles of airborne fungi in buildings and outdoor environments in the United States, by Shelton, B. G., Kirkland, K. H., Flanders, W. D. and Morris, G. K., 2002
--------: Protocols For Investigation Of Indoor Fungal Amplifiers, by Summerbell, R. C., 2001
color measurement: Quantitative spore colour measurement using colour image analysis, by Yule, B., Roberts, S., Marshall, J. E. A. and Milton, J. A., 1998
--------: Sampling of Aspergillus spores in air, by Morrisa, G., Kokkib, M. H., Andersonc, K. and M. D. R., 2000
--------: Significance of air humidity and air velocity for fungal spore release into the air , by Pasanen, A. L., Pasanen, P., Jantunen, M. J. and Kalliokoski, P., 1991
--------: Size distribution of bacterial and fungal bioaerosols in indoor air , by G¨®rny, R. L., Dutkiewicz, J. and Krysiska-traczyk, E., 1999
--------: Size distributions of airborne microbes in moisture-damaged and reference school buildings of two construction types, by Meklin, T., Reponen, T., Koponen, V., Husman, T., Hyvarinen, A. and Nevalainen, A., 2002
--------: Source strength of fungal spore aerosolization from moldy building material, by Gorny, R.L., Reponen T., Grinshpun, S.A. and Willeke, K., 2001
--------: Spatial variation of aerosol number concentration in Helsinki city , by Buzorius, G., Pekkanenb, J. and Kulmalaa, M., 1999
Spore morphology, identification: Spore morphology as a taxonomic tool in the delimitation of three Asplenium L. species complexes (Aspleniaceae: Pteridophyta) in Cuba, by Regalado, L. and S¨˘nchez, C., 2002
--------: Spore morphology of some Dicranaceae species (Bryophyta) from Brazil , by Luizi-ponzo, A.P. and Barth, O.M, 1999
--------: Studies on airborne fungal spores from two indoor cowsheds of suburban and rural areas of West Bengal, India, by Adhikari, A., Sen, M. M., Gupta-bhattachary, S. and Chanda, S., 1999
surface morphology: Surface properties of microbial cells probed at the nanometre scale with atomic force microscopy, by Boonaert, C. J. P., Rouxhet, P. G. and Dufrene, Y. F., 2000
indoor concentration: Temporal and spatial variation of fungal concentrations in indoor air, by Hyvarinen, A., Vahteristo, M., Meklin, T., Jantunen, M., Nevalainen, A. and Moschandreas, D., 2001
--------: The effect of meteorological factors on the daily variation of airborne fungal spores in Granada (southern Spain), by Sabariego, S., Guardia, C. D. and Alba, F., 2000
--------: The effects of meteorological factors on atmospheric bioaerosol concentrations--a review, by Jones, A. M. and Harrison, R. M., 2004
--------: The investigation of fungal spores in intramural air using a Burkard continuous recording air sampler, by Stern, M. A., Allitt, U., Corden, J. and Millington, W., 1999
--------: The release of fungal spores from water damaged building materials, by Kildes?, J., W¨ąrtz, H., Nielsen, K. F., Wilkins, C. K., Gravesen, S., Nielsen, P. A., Thrane, U. and Schneider, T., 2000
--------: Transport of fungal spores from crawl space to indoors, by Matilainen, M. and Pasanen, P., 2002
--------: Variability in viable and non-viable mold spore sampling results, by Swenson, L., Robbins, C. and Geer, W., 2002
--------: Viable fungal spores as indoor aerosols, by Reponen, T., 1994
--------: Water leakage from exterior walls as an indicator of degraded air quality, by Morey, P. and Hull, M., 2002

CRDBER, at CBS, BCEE, ENCS, Concordia, June 2014